Knowledge about oral health, salivary PH, body mass index and its relationship with dental caries in preschool children / Conocimiento en salud bucal, PH salival, índice de masa corporal y su relación con caries dental en preescolares

Abstract Introduction: Dental caries is a disease caused by the interaction of several factors, including diet, since the development of the biological environment that promotes cariogenic bacterial metabolism often depends on it. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of caries in preschool children from Huaura, Peru, and to confirm if there is an association between their salivary pH and body mass index (BMI) and the level of knowledge about oral health of one of their parents. Materials and methods: A non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted in 126 preschoolers equally distributed in 3 age groups (3, 4, and 5 years old). The association between the presence of caries and the variables considered was determined by means of the chi-square test of independence, with a confidence level of 95% and a type I error of 5%. In addition, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the probability of caries development in relation to each risk factor. Results: The prevalence of caries was 80.2% (95%CI:73.2-87.2); furthermore, salivary pH (p=0.012) and the level of parental knowledge (p<0.001) were significantly associated with caries occurrence. Regarding the multiple regression analysis, an OR=0.12 (95%CI:0.02-0.63) was obtained for pH and an OR=0.50 (95%CI:0.35-0.74) for the level of parental knowledge in relation to the probability of caries development. Conclusion: The level of parental knowledge about oral health and high salivary pH levels of preschoolers were protective factors against caries development in the study population. On the other hand, no association was found between BMI and the presence of caries in 5-year-old preschoolers.

Resumen Introducción. La caries dental es una condición causada por la interacción de múltiples factores, entre ellos la dieta, ya que, con frecuencia, de ella depende el desarrollo del medio biológico propicio para el metabolismo bacteriano cariogénico. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de caries en preescolares de Huaura, Perú, y confirmar si hay una asociación con el pH salival y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los preescolares, y con el nivel de conocimiento en salud bucal de uno de sus padres. Materiales y métodos. Estudio no experimental, correlacional y transversal realizado en 126 preescolares distribuidos equitativamente en 3 grupos etarios (3, 4 y 5 años). La asociación entre presencia de caries y las variables consideradas se determinó mediante la prueba de independencia de chi cuadrado, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y error tipo I del 5%; además, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística múltiple para calcular la probabilidad de ocurrencia de caries en relación con cada factor de riesgo. Resultados. La prevalencia de caries fue de 80.2% (IC95%:73.2-87.2); además, el pH salival (p=0.012) y el nivel de conocimiento de los padres (p<0.001) se asociaron significativamente con la ocurrencia de caries. En cuanto al análisis de regresión múltiple, se obtuvo un 0R=0.12 (IC95%:0.02-0.63) para el pH y un 0R=0.50 (IC95%:0.35-0.74) para el nivel de conocimiento de los padres en relación con la probabilidad de presentar caries. Conclusión. El nivel de conocimiento sobre salud bucal de los padres y los niveles altos de pH salival de los preescolares fueron factores protectores frente al desarrollo de caries en la población de estudio. Por otra parte, no se encontró asociación entre IMC y presencia de caries en los preescolares de 5 años.

Evaluación antibacteriana del peróxido de hidrógeno comparado con hipoclorito de sodio sobre cepillos dentales inoculados con Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial Evaluation of Hydrogen Peroxide Compared to Sodium Hypochlorite on Dental Brushes Inoculated with Streptococcus Mutans / Avaliação do efeito antibacteriano do peróxido de hidrogênio em comparação ao hipoclorito de sódio em escovas de dente inoculadas com Streptococcus mutans

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antibacteriano del peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) al 6 % comparado con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) al 1 % y al 2 %, sobre cepillos dentales inoculados con Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 25175™. Materiales y métodos: estudio experimental in vitro, transversal y comparativo. Se utilizaron 60 cepillos dentales, divididos en 4 grupos de 15 cepillos cada uno. El número de muestra lo determinó la fórmula de comparación de medias, después de realizar un estudio piloto, y se seleccionaron por muestreo aleatorio simple. Se aplicaron las pruebas de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk, y para la prueba de hipótesis, la U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: el H2O2 al 6 % presentó una media de crecimiento de 2 * 109 UFC/mL, lo que indica que su efectividad es mayor comparada con el NaClO al 1 %>, que presentó una media de crecimiento de 4 * 109 UFC/mL, y esta es menor al NaClO al 2 %, que tuvo 0 UFC /mL de Streptococcus mutans (p = 0,004). Conclusión: el H2O2 al 6 % y el NaClO al 1 % y al 2 % evidenciaron efectividad antibacteriana, aun cuando fue el NaClO al 2 % el más efectivo.

Abstract Objective: To assess the antibacterial effect of 6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared with 1% and 2% sodium hypochlorite, on toothbrushes inoculated with Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 25175™. Materials and methods: The study design was an experimental in vitro, cross-sectional prospective and comparative study. Sixty toothbrushes were used, which were divided into four groups of 15 brushes. After conducting a pilot study, the sample number was determined by the means comparison formula and these were selected by simple random sampling. These brushes were inoculated with strains of S. mutans ATCC® 25175™. The disinfectants included H2O2 at 6% and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1% and 2%. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality and the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for the hypothesis test. Results: The 6% H2O2 showed an average growth of 2 * 109 CFU/mL, which indicates that its effectiveness is greater compared to the 1% NaClO that showed a growth average of 4 * 109 CFU/mL which is less than the 2% NaClO that presented 0 CFU/mL of S. mutans (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Between 6% H2O2 and 1% and 2% NaClO, specifically antibacterial detection, 2% NaClO was concluded as being the most effective.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar o efeito antibacteriano do peróxido de hidrogênio 6% em comparação ao hipoclorito de sódio 1% e 2%, em escovas de dente inoculadas com Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 25175™. Materiais e métodos: estudo experimental in vitro, transversal e comparativo. Foram utilizadas 60 escovas de dente, as quais foram divididas em 4 grupos de 15 escovas cada um. O número amostral foi determinado pela fórmula de comparação de médias, após realização de um estudo piloto, sendo selecionado por meio de amostragem aleatória simples. As escovas foram inoculadas com cepas de Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 25175™. Os desinfetantes utilizados foram peróxido de hidrogênio (H202) 6% em comparação ao hipo-clorito de sódio (NaClO) 1% e 2%. Aplicou-se a prova de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e como teste de hipótese utilizou-se o U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: o H202 6% apresentou uma média de crescimento de 2*109 UFC/mL, indicando uma efetividade maior em comparação com o NaClO 1% que apresentou uma média de crescimento de 4*109 UFC/mL, que por sua vez foi menos efetivo que o NaClO 2% que apresentou uma contagem de 0 UFC/mL de Streptococcus mutans (p=0,004). Conclusão: o H2O2 6% e o NaClO 1% e 2%, apresentaram efetividade antibacteriana, sendo que o NaClO 2% foi totalmente efetivo.